Rev 18:3 | RWP | e4.org | By ( εκ ). "As a result of." Some MSS. omit "of the wine" ( του οινου ). Cf. ; . Have fallen ( πεπτωκαν ). Perfect active third personal of πιπτω for usual πεπτωκασ . Some MSS. read πεπωκαν (have drunk), from πινω like the metaphor in , ; ; . See for the same charge about the kings of the earth. The merchants of the earth ( ο εμπορο της γης ). Old word for one on a journey for trade (from εν, πορος ), like drummers, in N.T. only ; , , , . Like εμποριον ( ) and εμπορευομα ( ). Waxed rich ( επλουτησαν ). First ingressive aorist active indicative of πλουτεω , to be rich (cf. ). Here alone in the N.T. do we catch a glimpse of the vast traffic between east and west that made Rome rich. Of her wantonness ( του στρηνους αυτης ). Late word for arrogance, luxury, here alone in N.T. See στρηνιαω in verses , , to live wantonly.

‏ Revelation of John 18:3

By ( εκ ). "As a result of." Some MSS. omit "of the wine" ( του οινου ). Cf. 14:10; 16:10.

Have fallen ( πεπτωκαν ). Perfect active third personal of πιπτω for usual πεπτωκασ. Some MSS. read πεπωκαν (have drunk), from πινω like the metaphor in 14:8, 10; 16:19; 17:2. See 17:2 for the same charge about the kings of the earth.

The merchants of the earth ( ο εμπορο της γης ). Old word for one on a journey for trade (from εν, πορος ), like drummers, in N.T. only Mt 13:45; Re 18:3, 11, 15, 23. Like εμποριον (Joh 2:16) and εμπορευομα (Jas 4:13).

Waxed rich ( επλουτησαν ). First ingressive aorist active indicative of πλουτεω, to be rich (cf. 3:17). Here alone in the N.T. do we catch a glimpse of the vast traffic between east and west that made Rome rich.

Of her wantonness ( του στρηνους αυτης ). Late word for arrogance, luxury, here alone in N.T. See στρηνιαω in verses 7, 9, to live wantonly.