Rev 1:4, 4:5, 5:6 | JFB | e4.org | 4. John —the apostle. For none but he (supposing the writer an honest man) would thus sign himself nakedly without addition. As sole survivor and representative of the apostles and eye-witnesses of the Lord, he needed no designation save his name, to be recognized by his readers. seven churches —not that there were not more churches in that region, but the number seven is fixed on as representing totality. These seven represent the universal Church of all times and places. See TRENCH'S [ Commentary on the Epistles to the Seven Churches in Asia ] interesting note, , on the number seven. It is the covenant number, the sign of God's covenant relation to mankind, and especially to the Church. Thus, the seventh day, sabbath ( ). Circumcision, the sign of the covenant, after seven days ( ). Sacrifices ( ). Compare also God's acts typical of His covenant ( ). The feasts ordered by sevens of time ( ). It is a combination of three, the divine number (thus the Trinity: the thrice Holy, ; the blessing, ), and four the number of the organized world in its extension (thus the four elements, the four seasons, the four winds, the four corners or quarters of the earth, the four living creatures, emblems of redeemed creaturely life, , with four faces and four wings each; the four beasts and four metals, representing the four world empires, ; the four -sided Gospel designed for all quarters of the world; the sheet tied at four corners, ; the four horns, the sum of the world's forces against the Church, ). In the Apocalypse, where God's covenant with His Church comes to its consummation, appropriately the number seven recurs still more frequently than elsewhere in Scripture. Asia —Proconsular, governed by a Roman proconsul: consisting of Phrygia, Mysia, Caria, and Lydia: the kingdom which Attalus III had bequeathed to Rome. Grace . . . peace —Paul's apostolical greeting. In his Pastoral Epistles he inserts "mercy" in addition: so . him which is . . . was . . . is to come —a periphrasis for the incommunicable name JEHOVAH , the self-existing One, unchangeable. In Greek the indeclinability of the designation here implies His unchangeableness. Perhaps the reason why "He which is to come" is used, instead of "He that shall be," is because the grand theme of Revelation is the Lord's coming ( ). Still it is THE FATHER as distinguished from "Jesus Christ" ( ) who is here meant. But so one are the Father and Son that the designation, "which is to come," more immediately applicable to Christ, is used here of the Father. the seven Spirits which are before his throne —The oldest manuscripts omit "are." before —literally, "in the presence of." The Holy Spirit in His sevenfold (that is, perfect, complete, and universal) energy. Corresponding to "the seven churches." One in His own essence, manifold in His gracious influences. The seven eyes resting on the stone laid by Jehovah ( ). Four is the number of the creature world (compare the fourfold cherubim); seven the number of God's revelation in the world.